French Colonisation of Sub-Saharan Africa at the End of the 19th Century: Colonial Administration and Dimensions of National Resistance

Abstract

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the African continent witnessed extensive French colonial expansion, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, within the framework of the European rivalry known as the ‘Scramble for Africa’. France sought to extend its political, economic and military influence from its North African colonies, occupying vast territories such as Senegal, Chad, Gabon and the Congo, with the aim of creating an interconnected colonial empire stretching from the Mediterranean to Central Africa. Its expansion relied on military campaigns, the conclusion of treaties with local leaders, and the exploitation of military and technological superiority. This expansion was driven by economic motives, namely the search for raw materials and new markets, as well as political motives linked to enhancing France’s international standing following its defeat by Germany in 1871.
French expansion was met with strong national resistance from African peoples who rejected the occupation and defended their sovereignty and identity. This resistance took the form of armed uprisings and popular movements, most notably the resistance of Samori Touré in West Africa. Other forms of resistance also emerged, including political rejection and the preservation of local traditions and culture.
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